The Second Law: Resolving the Mystery of the Second Law of Thermodynamics

Ever since it was first formulated a century and a half ago, the Second Law of thermodynamics (or "law of entropy increase") has had an air of mystery about it. Why is it true? Is it even always true? In this book, Stephen Wolfram builds on recent breakthroughs in the foundations of physics to finally provide a resolution to the mystery of the Second Law, elegantly showing how it emerges as a general feature of processes that can be described computationally as well as their interplay with our computational characteristics as observers. For Wolfram, the effort to understand the Second Law has been a 50-year quest, beginning when he was 12 years old. In the book, Wolfram tells the story of this quest as well as traces the whole remarkable history of the Second Law. Written with great clarity and richly illustrated with both striking modern diagrams and extensive historical material, this book will be of interest to anyone who wants to understand the foundations and origins of one of the most important and widely applied principles of modern science. Contents: Preface Computational Foundations for the Second Law of Thermodynamics The Mystery of the Second Law The Core Phenomenon of the Second Law The Road from Ordinary Thermodynamics Reversibility, Irreversibility and Equilibrium Ergodicity and Global Behavior How Random Does It Get? The Concept of Entropy Why the Second Law Works Textbook Thermodynamics Towards a Formal Proof of the Second Law Maxwell's Demon and the Character of Observers The Heat Death of the Universe Traces of Initial Conditions When the Second Law Works, and When It Doesn't The Second Law and Order in the Universe Class 4 and the Mechanoidal Phase The Mechanoidal Phase and Bulk Molecular Biology The Thermodynamics of Spacetime Quantum Mechanics The Future of the Second Law Thanks & Notes A 50-Year Quest: My Personal Journey with the Second Law of Thermodynamics When I Was 12 Years Old... Becoming a Physicist Statistical Mechanics and Simple Programs Computational Irreducibility and Rule 30 Where Does Randomness Come From? Hydrodynamics, and a Turbulent Tale Getting to the Continuum The Second Law in A New Kind of Science The Physics Projectand the Second Law Again Discovering Class 4 The End of a 50-Year Journey Appendix: The Backstory of the Book Cover That Started It All Notes & Thanks How Did We Get Here? The Tangled History of the Second Law of Thermodynamics The Basic Arc of the Story What Is Heat? Heat Engines and the Beginnings of Thermodynamics The Second Law Is Formulated The Concept of Entropy The Kinetic Theory of Gases "Deriving" the Second Law from Molecular Dynamics The Concept of Ergodicity But What about Reversibility? The Recurrence Objection Ensembles, and an Effort to Make Things Rigorous Maxwell's Demon What Happened to Those People? Coarse Graining and the "Modern Formulation" Radiant Heat, the Second Law and Quantum Mechanics Are Molecules Real? Continuous Versus Discrete The Twentieth Century What the Textbooks Said: The Evolution of Certainty So Where Does This Leave the Second Law? Note Annotated Bibliography Earlier Work Undecidability and Intractability in Theoretical Physics Origins of Randomness in Physical Systems Thermodynamics and Hydrodynamics with Cellular Automata Cellular Automaton Fluids 1: Basic Theory Excerpts from A New Kind of Science Index